What Is Pharmacovigilance? - Definition, Jobs, Salary, And Pharmacovigilance Certification

Pharmacovigilance

A Guide All About Pharmacovigilance

What is pharmacovigilance?

Pharmacovigilance Is The Study Of Two Primary Outcomes In The Pharmaceutical Industry:

Safety And Efficacy.

Essentially, it asks does a drug work and is it safe?

Pharmacovigilance is the process of monitoring the effects of drugs, both new and existing ones. This includes collecting data, analyzing it, and taking steps to prevent any negative effects. Pharmacovigilance must happen throughout the entire life cycle of a drug, from when it is first being developed to long after it has been released on the market.

What is the Aim Of Pharmacovigilance?

Pharmacovigilance is required through the entire life cycle of a drug – starting at the preclinical development stage and going right through to continued monitoring of drugs once they hit the market.

Pharmacovigilance includes collecting, analyzing, monitoring, and preventing adverse effects in new drugs and therapies.

It can be broken down into three main sub-specialisms:

1. Surveillance: Surveillance is geared towards risk management and signal detection. Roles in this specialism focus analysis of drug safety information gathered from other professionals. Surveillance is responsible for creating development safety update reports (DSURs) for drugs in clinical research and periodic benefit-risk evaluation reports (PBRER) for drugs that are on the market.

2. Operations: Operations focus on collecting and recording information during preclinical development, early clinical trials, and gathering real-world evidence (RWE) of adverse events reported by medical professionals and patients. Operations may also create standard operating procedures (SOPs), individual case study reports, and regulatory reports.

3. Systems: Systems is concerned with the development of robust systems to store and manage data relating to pharmacovigilance. It involves keeping abreast of changing regulations and guidance in the pharmacovigilance industry and ensuring compliance at all levels of an organization.

The Qualified Person for Pharmacovigilance (QPPV) is responsible for ensuring that an organization's pharmacovigilance system meets all applicable requirements.

What is Pharmacovigilance Training?

If you’re looking to boost your career prospects in the pharmaceutical industry, drug safety training is a great string to add to your bow. Whether you want to move into clinical research or enhance your profile in your existing company, certification is crucial.

If you run a company and want to provide your staff with drug safety training to increase their knowledge and provide a safer working environment, our course is for you too.

We even help train Senior PVs from Fortune 500 companies to improve their efficiency and compliance.

No experience? No worries!

Our triple-accredited Advanced Pharmacovigilance and Argus Safety Certification (APVASC)TM is designed to teach you all you need to know in just 1 week!

Recognized Drug Safety Training I 180 Hours I On-Demand I Accredited I 25+ Modules I Training Compliance I Instant Enrolment I 1+Wk Certification I

What do Pharmacovigilance Officers do?

The exact nature of each role varies, but in essence, Pharmacovigilance Officers (PVs) collect adverse event data on drugs (Phase 4) to analyse and create usage warnings for the drug.

Some roles insist on physicians, nurses, or those with a Master of Science degree. A Master’s in pharmacovigilance is your best route into the industry – but that takes up to 2 years and is very expensive.

Your quicker route into the industry is with a drug safety accreditation.

Please note: A minimum of an associate degree is required to take any training course, including ours.

How To Get Into Pharmacovigilance

The CCRPS pharmacovigilance certification to provide advanced training for entry level pharmacovigilance to ensure you are fully prepared for a career in drug safety monitoring. We are a non-profit organization dedicated to providing advanced pharmacovigilance training to students at all stages of their careers.

The courses provide you with theory and practical-based learning in pharmacovigilance and give you vital industry experience.

Our pharmacovigilance training courses meet
WHO-ISoP and FDA guidelines and are accredited by the ACCRE and other recognized accreditation boards.

You’ll learn the basics of pharmacovigilance, why it’s necessary, its history, and how to find career opportunities within the industry.

You’ll look at different methodologies, pharmacovigilance regulation, pharmacovigilance audit and risk management, and vaccine pharmacovigilance.

You’ll also discover where to find further information to enhance your pharmacovigilance knowledge and study individual case reports to get to grips with the finer details of the subject.

At the end of the course, you will receive your certification. Then you’re ready to set out on your pharmacovigilance career.

After achieving your certification, you’ll open up a world of opportunities in pharmacovigilance and be qualified for entry-level roles including, but not limited to the following Drug Safety Jobs:

Pharmacovigilance Jobs

Pharmacovigilance Jobs Entry Level

Remote Pharmacovigilance Jobs

18,000 Pharmacovigilance Jobs (always include a SPECIFIC cover letter for all jobs and follow up at least twice by email if you do not hear back to show interest to every single job).

• Drug safety or Pharmacovigilance scientist (specialist or associate)

• Drug safety or PV manager

• Safety or PV reviewer

• Pharmacovigilance Quality Compliance

• Clinical Quality specialist

• Medical Safety scientist/specialist/reviewer

• Local safety officer

• Clinical trial project safety associate (reviewer or specialist)

• MedDRA coder

• Pharmacovigilance safety and analytics reporting analyst/specialist/associate

• Pharmacovigilance Auditor or PV Inspection readiness officer

  • Safety or Pharmacovigilance Physician (medical director, MD/MBBS, IMG)

  • Safety Compliance Writer

  • Good PV Practices manager

  • GCP specialist

  • Pharmacovigilance vendor

  • Case processing specialist

  • Clinical trial case processing safety specialist

  • Post-marketing case processing safety specialist

  • Epidemiology safety associate (MPH) • Risk management manager
  • Signal management specialist
  • Periodic reporting specialist

  • Regulatory affairs safety specialist

  You’ll also be qualified to act as an onsite safety representative for the duration of a given contract.

Pharmacovigilance Salary

The pandemic has demonstrated just how vital the pharmaceutical industry is to the smooth running of the country and the economy. And with the average entry-level salary in pharmacovigilance in the region of $69,000, it provides a unique opportunity to do your duty and be well-rewarded.

Once you are experienced in
pharmacovigilance, you can expect to command a salary of around $114,000.

And after 3-10 years in the industry, you can expect to earn $136,000. Based on salary, the US is the best country for pharmacovigilance jobs although pharmacovigilance is paid well globally as well.

We have trained over 1,800 clinical research and pharmacovigilance professionals and cover global clinical safety and pharmacovigilance as well as argus safety data base certification in our online, on-demand course. Our drug safety training is provided online and can be completed in less than a week. This is a great alternative to a diploma course in pharmacovigilance as you can finish quickly and still get an advanced level of understanding under your belt.

You can speak with our enrollment advisors for assistance in pricing and scholarship. Completed certification helps demonstrate your interest and knowledge to employers.

A career in pharmacovigilance is rewarding both personally and financially.

But like all new career paths, it can be difficult to gain experience or demonstrate your commitment from the outside. Achieving an accredited PV certification shows potential employers that you are serious about a career in the industry. It proves that you have the required knowledge and understanding of pharmacovigilance to add value to their organization.

For further details, call and speak to one of our 24/7 enrollment representatives through the orange chat box.

Good pharmacovigilance practice - ICH GCP guidelines for pharmacovigilance

Pharmacovigilance certification

Online Pharmacovigilance Training Course

Pharmacovigilance Certification

by CCRPS pharmacovigilance training institute is a globally-accepted, accredited Online Pharmacovigilance Training Course

Fundamentals Of Global Pharmacovigilance

Introduction to Drug Safety and PV FREE PREVIEW

Key PV Terminology (Side Effect, Drug Safety, and Risk Terms) FREE PREVIEW

International Regulatory Requirements and Guidelines Overview FREE PREVIEW

Pharmacovigilance Quiz

Regional Regulatory Requirements (FDA, EMA, Japan, China) FREE PREVIEW

Postmarketing Surveillance (PMS) and Safety Management FREE PREVIEW

GVP - Pharmacovigilance Abbreviations Advanced Review of Adverse Event Reporting

Advanced Review Of Pharmacovigilance

Advanced Practice of Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance Quiz

Additional Encompassing and Confusing Terms in Pharmacovigilance

MedDRA (Hierarchy, Searching, Terms, Exporting, Assessing, Important Medical Events)

Pharmacovigilance Quiz
Need for Pharmacovigilance
The History of Pharmacovigilance FREE PREVIEW Roles in Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance Quiz
Key Stakeholders in Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance Quiz

Post-marketing AE Processing and Reporting(ICSR, Case Processing, Narrative Writing, & International Aggregate Reporting)

Pharmacovigilance Quiz

Signal Detection (Detection, Validation, Prioritization, and Action)

Pharmacovigilance Quiz
Risk Assessment, Plan, and Management Pharmacovigilance Quiz

Vaccine Surveillance - COVID-19 Updated (AEFI, Vaccinology, AESI, AVSS, Communication, and Case Studies)

Post-authorization/Post-marketing Regulations in Pharmacovigilance

Argus Safety Database Certification

Argus Safety Database Certification Part 1 (Into and Video Demos)

Argus Safety Database Certification Part 2 Argus Safety Database Certification Part 3 Argus Safety Database Certification Part 4 Argus Safety Database Certification Part 5 Argus Safety Database Certification Part 6 Oracle Argus Safety User Guide

Resources

International Pharmacovigilance Initiatives and Guidelines - EMA

DIA Safety and Pharmacovigilance Competencies

Pharmacovigilance Career Resources

WHO-ISoP Pharmacovigilance Resources

E2E-Pharmacovigilance Planning

GVP XVI Addendum: Educational Materials

GVP Module I-IV PV Systems, PSMF, Inspections & Audits

GVP I: Pharmacovigilance Systems

GVP VIII: Post-authorisation Safety Studies

GVP III: Pharmacovigilance Inspections

GVP IX Addendum: Methodological aspects

GVP V: Risk management systems

GVP IX: Signal management-

GVP VIII Addendum: Requirements- recommendations_en-1

GVP XV: Safety Communication

GVP XVI: Risk-minimization measures

GVP II: Pharmacovigilance System Master File

GVP VI: Duplicate Management

GVI VI: Pharmacovigilance Audits

GVP X: Additional Monitoring

GVP VII: Periodic Safety Update Report

GVP VI: Collection, management, and submission of reports

PV Resources

Getting Started in Pharmacovigilance Part 1

Recruiters Career Pathways in PV

Reading Resources

Cobert’s Manual of Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety

Mann’s Pharmacovigilance

Drug Safety Data

Pharmacovigilance Definition

Investigational product (IP): Any drug, device, therapy, or intervention after Phase I trial

Event: Any undesirable outcome (i.e. undesired laboratory finding, symptom, or disease)

Adverse event/experience (AE): Any related OR unrelated event occurring during use of IP

Adverse drug reaction/effect (ADR/ADE): AE that is related to product

Serious Adverse Event (SAE): AE that causes death, disability, incapacity, is life- threatening, requires/prolongs hospitalization, or leads to birth defect

Unexpected Adverse Event (UAE): AE that is not previously listed on product information

Unexpected Adverse Reaction: ADR that is not previously listed on product information

Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction (SUSAR): Serious + Unexpected + ADR

Causality assessment: Review of drug (i.e. pharmacology, pathophysiology, time overlap of event and IP administration, dechallenge and rechallenge, confounding patient-specific disease manifestations or other medications, and other explanations) to determine if certain, probable/likely, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, unassessable/unclassifiable.

Dechallenge vs. Rechallenge: Causality assessed by measuring AE outcomes when withdrawing vs. re-administering IP

Causal relationship: Determined to be certain, probable/likely, or possible (AE + Causal -> ADR)

Seriousness: based on outcome + guide to reporting obligations (i.e. death SAE -> report in 3 days) mnemonic: seriOOusness = OutcOme

• Severity: based on intensity (mild, moderate, severe) regardless of medical outcome (i.e. severe headache -> not serious) mnemonic: severiTTy = InTensiTy

• Temporal relationship: Positive if AE timing within use or half-life of drug (positive, suggestive, compatible, weak, negative)

• Signal: Event information after drug approved providing new adverse or beneficial knowledge about IP that justifies further studying (PMS = signal detection, validation, confirmation, analysis, & assessment and recommendation for action)

• Identified risk: Event noticed in signal evaluation known to be related/listed on product information

• Potential risk: Event noticed in signal evaluation scientifically related to product but not listed on product information

• Important risk/Safety concern: Identified or potential risk that can impact risk-benefit ratio

• Risk-benefit ratio: Ratio of IP’s positive therapeutic effect to risks of safety/efficacy

• Summary of product characteristics (SmPC/SPC): guide for doctors to use IP

Good Pharmacovigilance Practice - ICH GCP guidelines for pharmacovigilance

• E2A: Clinical safety data management: Definitions and standards for expedited reporting

• What is e2b in pharmacovigilance? E2B: Electronic reporting of adverse events: Implements electronic reporting R3 E-ICSR Implementation Guide I Link CIOMS I to E2B Guide

• E2C: Periodic benefit- risk evaluation report (PBRER): Format and content of safety updates for reporting at intervals to regulatory authorities

• E2D: Post-approval safety data management: Definitions and standards for expedited reporting: Guidance for gathering and reporting information

• E2E: Pharmacovigilance planning: Helps to make PMS plan, especially in early Phase IV

• E2F: Development Safety Update Report (DSUR): Standard for periodic reporting on drugs

• M1: Medical dictionary for Regulatory activities (MedDRA)

• M4: The Common Technical Document (CTD): Formatting of reports to regulatory bodies (M4 Organization, M4Quality, M4Safety, M4Efficacy)

• CIOMS I: The international reporting form (links with ICH E2B)

• CIOMS II: Periodic safety update reports manual

• CIOMS III: Core data sheets

• CIOMS IV: Benefit-risk assessments

• CIOMS V: Practical issues in Pharmacovigilance

• CIOMS VI: Clinical trial safety data

• CIOMS VII: Development safety update reports

• CIOMS VIII: Practical Aspects of Signal Detection in Pharmacovigilance

Global Pharmacovigilance laws and regulations - IAOCR Directory

Local Pharmacovigilance Regulatory Bodies

• Australia – Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)

  • New Zealand – MEDSAFE

  • North America

  • Canada – Health Canada ~2%

  • USA* – FDA: Food and Drug Administration ~33%

  • Central/South America

  • Argentina – ANMAT

  • Brazil – Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA)

  • Chile – Instituto de Salud Publico (ISP)

  • Columbia – Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia Medicamentos y Alimentos (INVIMA)

  • Costa Rica – Ministerio de Salud

  • Cuba – CECMED

  • Dominican Republic – Dirección General de Drogas y Farmacias

  • Jamaica – Ministry of Health

  • Mexico – Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS)

  • Paraguay – Ministro de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social

  • Peru – Ministerio de Salud

  • Uruguay – Ministerio de Salud Publica

  • European Union* – EMA: European Medicines Agency ~17%

  • Armenia – Scientific Centre of Drug and Medical Technology Expertise

  • Austria – Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES)

  • Belgium – Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products

  • Bulgaria – Bulgarian Drug Agency

  • Croatia – Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices of Croatia

  • Cyprus – Ministry of Health

  • Czech Republic – State Institute for Drug Control

  • Denmark – Danish Medicines Agency

  • Estonia – State Agency of Medicines

  • Finland – Finish Medicines Agency

  • France – Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Medicament et des Produits de Santé

  • Germany – Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices

  • Georgia – Regulation Agency for Medical and Pharmaceutical Activities

  • Greece – National Organisation for Medicines

  • Hungary – National Institute of Pharmacy

  • Iceland – Icelandic Medicines Agency

  • Ireland – Irish Medicines Board

  • Italy – National Institute of Health

  • Lithuania – State Medicines Control Agency

  • Luxembourg – Ministry of Health

  • Malta – Maltese Medicines Authority

    Moldova – Medicines Agency

  • Netherlands – Medicines Evaluation Board

  • Norway – Norwegian Medicines Agency

  • Poland – The Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products

  • Portugal – National Authority of Medicines and Health Products

  • Romania – National Medicines Agency

  • Russia – Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation• Serbia – Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia

    • Slovakia – State Institute for Drug Control • Slovenia – Ministry of Health
    • Spain – Spanish Medicines Agency
    • Sweden – Medical Products Agency

    • Switzerland – Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products

    • Ukraine – Ministry of Health

    • United Kingdom – Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA)

    • Bahrain – I-SEHA

    • Egypt – Ministry of Health

    • Iran – Ministry of Health

    • Israel – Ministry of Health

    • Jordan – Jordan Food and Drug Administration

    • Lebanon – Ministry of Public Health

    • Saudi Arabia – Saudi Food and Drug Authority

    • United Arab Emirates – Ministry of Health

    • Bangladesh – Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA)

    • Bhutan – Drug Regulatory Authority

    • China* – CFDA/NMPA: State Food and Drug Administration

    • India – Central Drug Standards Control Organization (CDSCO)

    • Indonesia – POM (Pengawas Obat dan Makanan)

    • JAPAN* – PMDA: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ~12%

    • Korea (South) – Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) ~1%

    • Laos – Food and Drug Department

    • Malaysia – Ministry of Health (MOH)

    • Nepal – Department of Drug Administration

    • Philippines – Department of Health (DOH)

    • Singapore – Health Sciences Authority (HSA)

    • Sri Lanka – Ministry of Health (MOH)

    • Taiwan (Republic of China) – Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA)

    • Thailand – Food and Drug Administration of Thailand

    • Vietnam – Drug Administration of Vietnam

    • Algeria – Ministry of Health and Population • Botswana – Ministry of Health (MOH)
    • Burkina Faso – Le Ministère de la Santé

    • Ghana – Food and Drugs Authority

    • Kenya – Pharmacy and Poisons Board

    • Morocco – Ministry of Health

    • Nigeria – National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control

    • Rwanda – Ministry of Health

    • Senegal – Ministère de la Santé et de l’Action Sociale

    • South Africa – Medicines Control Council (MCC)

    • Swaziland – Ministry of Health

    • Tanzania – Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA)

    • Uganda – National Drug Authority

Working in Drug Safety and Pharmacovigilance as a Pharmacist

Pharmacovigilance: Ensuring Drug Safety

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is a crucial field within pharmacy concerned with the lifelong monitoring of a drug's safety profile. It encompasses activities like:

• Collection and detection of adverse effects (side effects or unintended consequences) experienced by patients using medications.

• Assessment and evaluation of these adverse effects to determine their severity, frequency, and potential risk factors.

• Developing strategies to minimize risks and improve the safety of medications.

Drug Safety Officers: Guardians of Public Health

Drug safety officers are the backbone of pharmacovigilance. They are responsible for:

• Monitoring reports of adverse effects from various sources like healthcare professionals, patients, and clinical trials.

• Analyzing data to identify potential safety concerns or trends.

• Reporting these concerns to regulatory agencies and taking necessary actions, which may involve modifying prescribing recommendations or even withdrawing a drug from the market if deemed unsafe.

A Rewarding Career Path

Pharmacovigilance offers a fulfilling career option for pharmacists, other medical professionals, and even life science graduates. It allows them to directly contribute to public health by ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications used by millions.

The Ever-evolving Landscape of Drug Safety

While the focus remains on established medications, pharmacovigilance is particularly important for:

• Newly launched drugs: Close monitoring is essential to identify any unforeseen side effects.

• Long-term use of medications: Potential risks associated with extended use can come to light over time.

By continuously monitoring drug safety, pharmacovigilance plays a vital role in ensuring that medications provide the intended benefits with minimal risks.

Pharmacovigilance: A Lucrative Career Path for Pharmacists

While specific salary data can vary depending on the source, pharmacovigilance remains a highly attractive career option for pharmacists in 2024. Here's a breakdown with estimated ranges for entry-level to expert positions:

• Entry-Level Pharmacovigilance Pharmacist: Starting salaries can range from around $50,000 to $75,000 annually. This range reflects roles focused on data collection, case processing, and basic reporting tasks (https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/Pharmacist-Salary).

• Mid-Level Pharmacovigilance Pharmacist: With experience, pharmacists can progress to roles with greater responsibilities, such as data analysis, signal detection, and report writing. Salaries in this range can reach $80,000 to $100,000 annually (https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/Pharmacist-Salary).

• Expert Pharmacovigilance Pharmacist: Pharmacists with extensive experience and specialized skills can command top salaries. Experts may lead teams, manage pharmacovigilance programs, or provide strategic oversight. Their compensation can exceed $120,000 and reach up to $150,000 or more annually (https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Indeed/salaries/Pharmacist).

Important Note: It's crucial to consider that salary figures can differ based on experience, location, specific job duties, and the size and type of employer (pharmaceutical company, contract research organization, etc.).

Beyond Dispensing: Pharmacists as Safety Guardians

The role of pharmacists has evolved significantly. They are no longer simply limited to dispensing medications. Pharmacovigilance offers a chance to directly impact public health by ensuring the safety and effectiveness of drugs used by millions.

A Focus on Drug Safety

Pharmacovigilance remains particularly important for:

• New Medications: Close monitoring is crucial to identify any unforeseen side effects of recently released drugs.

• Long-Term Use: Potential risks associated with extended use of medications can emerge over time.

By continuously monitoring drug safety, pharmacovigilance pharmacists play a vital role in ensuring patients receive the intended benefits of medications with minimal risks.

An Expanding Role for Pharmacists

Pharmacovigilance aligns perfectly with the changing role of pharmacists from medication dispensers to comprehensive healthcare providers. This specialized field allows pharmacists to leverage their expertise in medicine rationalization and patient safety to contribute significantly to the healthcare system.

Pharmacovigilance career in the USA 

There is twenty thousand plus pharmacovigilance job in the USA. Most student graduates got a job as a pharmacy vigilance officer or drug safety officer in many pharmaceutical companies or healthcare clinics. People trained in pharmaceuticals also find pharmacovigilance pharmacist jobs in 

• Pharmaceutical industries

• Contract research organization

• Biotech companies

• Regulatory authorities such as DCG, FDA, etc

The initial hiring of pharmacist usually based on their academic background 

Some of the training programs that an individual can pursue before entering this industry and become a pharmacovigilance officer

• Learn more about Advanced Pharmacovigilance and Argus Safety Certification (APVASC)™

The drug safety clinic located in Sunnybrook health sciences center is a multidisciplinary clinic that focuses on the treatment of a patient having an adverse drug reaction. This clinic is recognized worldwide for the diagnosis and management of adverse effects of drugs.

Now, that clinic hires a part-time pharmacist for pharmacovigilance jobs to provide services in a clinical, research study or educational institutes of drug safety clinics. Many patients visit the clinic, and each patient has a consultation with one of the four physicians. Physicians then go through the history of patients, and most of the patients who visited the clinic have severe adverse effects, but some represent only mild allergic reactions.

Much research work regarding drug safety is also occurring in the clinic. Education is a significant component of the drug safety pharmacist. (Sandra et al., 2011)

Navigating the Frontiers of Pharmacovigilance: Enhancing Drug Safety and Public Health

Given the detailed discussion about the role of pharmacovigilance, drug safety officers, and career opportunities in the field, the following courses are recommended to be included within the content. These courses provide relevant training and certification opportunities for individuals aspiring to enter or advance in this field:

1. Pharmacovigilance Certification: Ideal for those starting out in pharmacovigilance or professionals looking to formalize their skills in drug safety monitoring and reporting.

2. Advanced Clinical Research Project Manager Certification: Suitable for those interested in overseeing pharmacovigilance projects and managing complex safety data.

3. Advanced Principal Investigator Physician Certification: For medical professionals who aim to lead clinical research and ensure adherence to safety protocols.

4. Medical Monitor Certification: Targets professionals who will monitor and evaluate clinical trial interventions for safety concerns.

References of note:

https://www.ashp.org/-/media/assets/policy-guidelines/docs/statements/role-of-medication-safety-leader.ashx: ASHP Statement on the Role of the Medication Safety Leader
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3053194/: Practice Spotlight: Drug Safety Pharmacist
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5065524/: Why do we need pharmacists in pharmacovigilance systems?
https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/pharmacists-role-medication-safety: The Pharmacist's Role in Medication Safety
https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Jobs/Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacist: Pharmacovigilance Pharmacist Salary